Eyewitness Identification Research Laboratory

Reference list for

“Cross-Race Face recognition & Identification”

Maintained by Roy S. Malpass

I. Summary.

The current article reviews the own-race bias (ORB) phenomenon in memory for human faces, the finding that own-race faces are better remembered when compared with memory for faces of another, less familiar race. Data were analyzed from 39 research articles, involving 91 independent samples and nearly 5,000 participants. Measures of hit and false alarm rates, and aggregate measures of discrimination accuracy and response criterion were examined, including an analysis of 8 study moderators. Several theoretical relationships were also assessed (i.e., the influence of racial attitudes and interracial contact). Overall, results indicated a "mirror effect" pattern in which own-race faces yielded a higher proportion of hits and a lower proportion of false alarms compared with other-race faces. Consistent with this effect, a significant ORB was also found in aggregate measures of discrimination accuracy and response criterion. The influence of perceptual learning and differentiation processes in the ORB are discussed, in addition to the practical implications of this phenomenon.

(Abstract from Meissner & Brigham, 2001)

II. Meta Analyses and other literature reviews.

Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the other-race effect in memory for faces: A meta,analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 3-35.

Brigham, J.C., Bennett, L. B., Meissner, C. A. & Mitchell, T. L. (2007). The influence of race on eyewitness memory. in R. C. L. Lindsay, D. F. Ross, J. D. Read & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), The Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology (Vol. II): Memory for People. Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

III. Empirical Studies published since the latest meta-analysis.

MacLin, O. H., & MacLin, M. K. (In press) The role of racial markers in race perception and racial categorization. In R. Adams, N. Ambady, K. Nakayama, & S. Shimojo (Eds.). Social Vision. Oxford University Press.

IV. Classic studies.

Malpass, R. 5., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330-334.

Malpass, R.S., Lavigueur, H., & Weldon, D.E. (1973). Verbal and visual training in face recognition. Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 285-292.

V. List of studies. (t = mainly theoretical; e = mainly empirical).

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Bennett, L. B., & Brigham, J. C. (2005). The develolment of the cross- ……..

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Brigham, J. C. & Malpass, R. S. (1985). The role of experience and contact in the recognition of faces of own- and other-race persons. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 139-155.

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VI. List of Legal Cases.

United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3rd Cir. 1985).

United States v. Hudson, 884 F.2d 1016 (7th Cir. 1989).

United States v. Norwood, 939 F.Supp. 1132 (D. NJ. 1996).

United States v. Smith, 736 F.2d 1103 (6th Cir. 1984).

United States v. Stevens, 736 F.2d 1103 (6th Cir. 1984).

United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552 (D.C. Cir. 1972).

United States v. Watson, 587 F.2d 365 (7th Cir. 1978).