Eyewitness Bibliography: Weapon Focus

Weapon
Focus

Eyewitness Identification Research Laboratory
At the University of Texas at El Paso

Criminal Justice
Program

Psychology
Department

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Bibliographies

Consultation

Current
Research

Lab Members

Lab
Publications

Weapon Focus

Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and Memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.

Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., Martinez, D., & Wittenberger, G. (1983). The effect of arousal on facial recognition. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4(3), 279-293.

Christianson, S.-Å., & Hübinette, B. (1993). Hands up! A study of witnesses’ emotional reactions and memories associated with bank robberies. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7(5), 365-379.

Cooper, B.S., Kennedy, M.A., Herve, H.F., & Yuille, J.C. (2002). Weapon focus in sexual assault memories of prostitutes. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25(2), 181-191.

Cutler, B.L., & Penrod, S.D. (1988). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Lineup construction and presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 281-290.

Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Martens, T.K. (1987). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Putting context into context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 629-637.

Cutler, B.L., Penrod, S.D., & Martens, T.K. (1987). The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 223-238.

Forgas, J. P., Bower, G. H. (1987). Mood effects on person-perception judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 53-60.

Kramer, T. H., Buckhout, R., & Eugenio, P. (1990). Weapon focus, arousal, and eyewitness memory: Attention must be paid. Law and Human Behavior, 14(2), 167-184.

Kramer, T.H. (1985). The effects of weapon focus and arousal on eyewitness recall. Dissertations Abstracts International, 45(7-B), 2343.

Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about "weapon focus.". Law & Human Behavior, 11(1), 55-62.

Maass, A., & Köhnken, G. (1989). Eyewitness identification: Simulating the “weapon effect.” Law and Human Behavior, 13(4), 397-308.

Mitchell, K. J., Livosky, M., & Mather, M. (1998). The weapon focus effect revisited: The role of novelty. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 287-303.

O’Rourke, T.E., Penrod, S.D., Cutler, B.L., & Stuve, T.E. (1989). The external validity of eyewitness identification research: Generalizing across subject populations. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 385-395.

Pickel, K. L. (1998). Unusualness and threat as possible causes of “weapon focus.” Memory, 6(3), 277-295.

Pickel, K. L. (1999). The influence of context on the “weapon focus” effect. Law and Human Behavior, 23(3), 299-311.

Pickel, K. L., French, T. A., & Betts, J. M. (2003). A cross-modal weapon focus effect: The influence of a weapon’s presence on memory for auditory information. Memory, 11(3), 277-292.

Shaw, J. I., & Skolnick, P. (1999). Weapon focus and gender differences in eyewitness accuracy: Arousal versus salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2328-2341.

Shaw, J.I., & Skolnick, P. (1994). Sex differences, weapon focus, and eyewitness reliability. Journal of Social Psychology, 134(4), 413-420.

Steblay, N. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16(4), 413-424.

Tooley, V., Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987). Facial recognition: Weapon effect and attentional focus. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17(10), 845-859.

Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., & White, T. L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 5-13.